Spinal Ligaments

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Ligaments are the fibrous connective tissue that connects two or more bones, cartilages, or other inner-body structures together. Spinal ligaments are fibrous and tough tissues that form a criss-cross pattern in order to hold the bones of the spine (vertebrae) together and stabilize the spine. One or more ligaments serve as supporting structures that allow the spine to remain upright and provide stability to the spine during rest and movement. The ligaments also serve to protect the body against excessive movements such as hyper-extension or hyper-flexion.

There are three major ligaments found in the spine: the Ligamentum Flavum, the Anterior Longitudinal Ligament, and the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament. The Ligamentum Flavum connects under the facet joints and forms a cover over the dura mater - a layer of tissue that protects the spinal cord. The Anterior Longitudinal Ligament attaches to the front (anterior) of each vertebra. This ligament runs up and down the spine (vertical or longitudinal). The Posterior Longitudinal Ligament runs vertically from the brain to the tailbone behind the spine and inside the spinal canal.

In addition to these three major ligament systems, smaller ligaments attach to the vertebral bodies to further protect the spine against bending too far in any direction. Tendons, strong bands of tissue that attach muscles to bones, are also an integral part of the spine. Spinal tendons vary in length, thickness, and elasticity.